The traditional and historical views on Adi Shankara provide a comprehensive understanding of his life, philosophy, and enduring influence. These views can be categorized into traditional (hagiographical) accounts and scholarly historical perspectives.

Traditional Views

1. Divine Incarnation: In traditional accounts, Adi Shankara is often regarded as an incarnation of Lord Shiva. This belief highlights his divine mission to revive and propagate the Advaita Vedanta philosophy.
2. Miraculous Birth and Early Life: Traditional stories emphasize his miraculous birth and extraordinary intellect. For example, it is said that he mastered the Vedas and other sacred texts by the age of eight.
3. Sannyasa and Spiritual Journey: According to traditional narratives, Shankara took Sannyasa (renunciation) at a young age against his mother’s wishes, following a divine command. His travels across India, engaging in debates with scholars of various philosophical schools, are celebrated in these accounts.
4. Establishment of Mathas: Traditional views credit Shankara with establishing four major monastic centers (mathas) in the cardinal directions of India (Sringeri in the South, Dwaraka in the West, Puri in the East, and Badrinath in the North). These mathas are considered pillars of the Advaita Vedanta tradition.
5. Writings and Teachings: Traditional accounts emphasize Shankara’s extensive writings, including commentaries on the Upanishads, Brahma Sutras, and Bhagavad Gita, as well as his original works like the Vivekachudamani and Atma Bodha. These texts are revered for their clarity and depth.

Historical Views

1. Historical Context: Historically, Shankara is placed in the early 8th century CE. Scholars agree that his work was crucial in countering the growing influence of Buddhism and other heterodox schools of thought, thereby revitalizing Hinduism.
2. Philosophical Contributions: Historians and scholars acknowledge Shankara’s pivotal role in systematizing the Advaita Vedanta philosophy. His emphasis on non-dualism (Advaita) and the identity of the individual self (Atman) with the ultimate reality (Brahman) had a profound impact on Indian philosophy.
3. Debates and Dialogues: Historical accounts also highlight Shankara’s engagement in philosophical debates with proponents of other schools of thought, such as Mimamsa, Samkhya, and Buddhism. His ability to articulate and defend Advaita Vedanta contributed to its widespread acceptance.
4. Legacy and Influence: Historians recognize Shankara’s enduring influence on Indian culture, spirituality, and philosophy. His establishment of monastic orders helped preserve and propagate his teachings, ensuring the continued relevance of Advaita Vedanta.

Synthesis

Both, traditional and historical views agree on the significance of Adi Shankara’s contributions to Hinduism and Indian philosophy. Traditional narratives imbue his life with divine and miraculous elements, while historical perspectives provide a more contextual understanding of his philosophical and cultural impact. Together, they offer a rich and multifaceted picture of Adi Shankara’s legacy.

Adi Shankara’s works are extensive and cover a wide range of philosophical and theological subjects. His writings can be broadly categorized into commentaries, original philosophical treatises, devotional hymns, and minor works. Here is a detailed list of his most significant works:

Commentaries (Bhashyas)

Adi Shankara is renowned for his detailed commentaries on key Hindu scriptures. These commentaries are crucial for understanding the philosophy of Advaita Vedanta:

1. Upanishad Bhashyas: Commentaries on major Upanishads, including:
   • Isha Upanishad
   • Kena Upanishad
   • Katha Upanishad
   • Prashna Upanishad
   • Mundaka Upanishad
   • Mandukya Upanishad
   • Aitareya Upanishad
   • Taittiriya Upanishad
   • Chandogya Upanishad
   • Brihadaranyaka Upanishad
2. Brahma Sutra Bhashya: A comprehensive commentary on the Brahma Sutras, which systematize and summarize the teachings of the Upanishads.
3. Bhagavad Gita Bhashya: A commentary on the Bhagavad Gita, elucidating the text from the perspective of Advaita Vedanta.

Original Philosophical Treatises (Prakaranas)

These are independent works by Adi Shankara that provide a clear and concise exposition of Advaita Vedanta principles:

1. Upadesa Sahasri: A thousand verses of teachings, considered one of his most important philosophical works.
2. Vivekachudamani: The “Crest-Jewel of Discrimination,” a detailed treatise on the nature of the self and the means to attain self-realization.
3. Atma Bodha: “Knowledge of the Self,” a text explaining the nature of the self and the path to liberation.
4. Tattva Bodha: “Knowledge of the Truth,” an introductory text to Advaita Vedanta concepts.
5. Panchikaranam: A treatise on the five-fold process of creation.
6. Aparokshanubhuti: “Direct Experience of the Self,” a text emphasizing experiential knowledge of the self.

Devotional Hymns (Stotras)

Adi Shankara also composed numerous hymns dedicated to various deities, reflecting his deep devotional spirit:

1. Bhaja Govindam: A popular hymn that emphasizes the importance of devotion to God over worldly pursuits.
2. Sivananda Lahari: A devotional poem in praise of Lord Shiva.
3. Soundarya Lahari: A hymn dedicated to the Goddess Parvati, extolling her beauty and power.
4. Ananda Lahari: Another hymn in praise of the Goddess.
5. Dakshinamurti Stotra: A hymn praising Lord Dakshinamurti, the incarnation of Shiva as the guru.
6. Kanakadhara Stotra: A hymn to Goddess Lakshmi, invoking her blessings for wealth and prosperity.

Minor Works

Adi Shankara is also attributed with several minor works that address specific philosophical or devotional themes:

1. Manisha Panchakam: Five verses summarizing the essence of Advaita Vedanta.
2. Nirvana Shatakam: Six verses describing the nature of the self, often recited by practitioners of Advaita Vedanta.
3. Prasnottara Ratnamalika: A collection of questions and answers on various philosophical topics.

Adi Shankara’s works have had a profound and lasting impact on Hindu philosophy, particularly Advaita Vedanta. His clear and systematic exposition of complex metaphysical concepts and his devotional compositions continue to inspire and guide spiritual seekers.

Adi Shankara’s philosophy, known as Advaita Vedanta, is a non-dualistic school of Hindu thought that emphasizes the unity of the individual soul (Atman) with the ultimate reality (Brahman). His teachings advocate that the apparent multiplicity of the world is an illusion (Maya) and that the true nature of reality is undivided and non-dual. Here’s an overview of his philosophy and practices:

Philosophy of Adi Shankara

Advaita (Non-dualism)

• Core Concept: The fundamental tenet of Advaita Vedanta is that Brahman (the absolute reality) is the only truth, and the world of multiplicity is an illusion (Maya). The individual soul (Atman) is not different from Brahman.
• Brahman: Brahman is described as Sat-Chit-Ananda (Existence-Consciousness-Bliss). It is infinite, formless, changeless, and beyond all attributes.
• Atman: Atman is the true self of an individual. Shankara teaches that realizing the identity of Atman and Brahman is the key to liberation (Moksha).

Maya (Illusion)

• Concept of Maya: Maya is the cosmic illusion that projects the world’s appearance and multiplicity. It is responsible for the ignorance (Avidya) that veils the true nature of reality.
• Role of Ignorance: Ignorance leads to the false identification of the self with the body, mind, and ego, rather than recognizing its true nature as Brahman.

Knowledge (Jnana)

• Path to Liberation: The primary means to attain liberation is through Jnana (knowledge). This involves direct, experiential knowledge of the non-dual nature of reality.
• Self-Inquiry: Practices like self-inquiry (Atma Vichara) and contemplation on the teachings of the Upanishads are essential to dispel ignorance and realize the self’s true nature.

Bhakti (Devotion) and Karma (Action)

• Supportive Practices: While Advaita Vedanta emphasizes knowledge, Shankara acknowledges the roles of Bhakti (devotion) and Karma (action) as preparatory practices. They help purify the mind and make it receptive to higher knowledge.
• Integrated Approach: Devotion to a personal deity (Ishta Devata) and the performance of selfless actions (Nishkama Karma) are seen as steps that lead to the maturity necessary for Jnana.

Practice of Adi Shankara

Self-Inquiry (Atma Vichara)

• Who Am I?: The practice of constantly questioning “Who am I?” helps in the discrimination between the self (Atman) and the non-self (body, mind, ego).

Meditation and Contemplation

• Meditative Practices: Meditative practices focus on contemplating the teachings of the Upanishads and internalizing the truth of non-duality.
• Contemplation on Mahavakyas: Contemplation on the great sayings (Mahavakyas) from the Upanishads, such as “Tat Tvam Asi” (Thou art That) and “Aham Brahmasmi” (I am Brahman), aids in realizing the unity of Atman and Brahman.

Ethical and Moral Living

• Purity of Mind: Ethical living, adherence to Dharma (righteousness), and practicing virtues like truthfulness, non-violence, and self-control purify the mind and prepare it for higher knowledge.

Devotion (Bhakti)

• Devotional Practices: Engaging in devotional practices, such as chanting hymns, worship, and surrendering to a personal deity, cultivates a sense of humility and helps transcend the ego.

Study of Scriptures (Svadhyaya)

• Scriptural Study: Regular study of the Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, and Brahma Sutras, along with Shankara’s commentaries, deepens understanding and supports the path of knowledge.

Association with a Guru (Guru Bhakti)

• Role of the Guru: A qualified teacher (Guru) is essential for guiding the seeker on the path of Advaita Vedanta, as they provide clarity, remove doubts, and offer practical instruction.

Adi Shankara’s philosophy and practices aim to lead individuals to realize their true nature as non-dual, eternal, and blissful, transcending the limitations of the imaginary world.

Adi Shankara’s practices and teachings have had a profound and lasting impact on Hinduism, Indian philosophy, and spiritual traditions worldwide. His influence can be seen in several key areas:

Philosophical Impact

Revitalization of Hindu Philosophy

Advaita Vedanta: Shankara’s systematic exposition and defense of Advaita Vedanta provided a robust philosophical framework that became one of the most influential schools of Indian thought. His work helped to counter the rise of heterodox schools like Buddhism and Jainism, reaffirming the Vedic tradition.

Scriptural Interpretation

Commentaries: His commentaries on the Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, and Brahma Sutras clarified and systematized complex philosophical ideas, making them accessible to scholars and practitioners. These commentaries remain central to the study of Vedanta.

Religious and Cultural Impact

Monastic Orders and Institutions

Mathas: Shankara established four major monastic centers (mathas) in different parts of India (Sringeri, Dwaraka, Puri, and Badrinath). These institutions have preserved and propagated his teachings for over a millennium, playing a crucial role in maintaining the tradition of Advaita Vedanta.

Integration of Devotion and Knowledge

Bhakti and Jnana: Shankara emphasized that devotion (bhakti) and ethical living are essential preparatory practices for attaining self-knowledge (jnana). This integration made his teachings more accessible to a broader audience, combining philosophical rigor with devotional practices.

Social and Ethical Impact

Promotion of Ethical Living

Dharma: Shankara’s teachings emphasize the importance of living a righteous life (dharma) as a foundation for spiritual progress. His focus on virtues such as truthfulness, non-violence, and self-discipline has influenced ethical conduct in Hindu communities.

Intellectual Debates and Dialogue

Inter-School Debates: Shankara engaged in intellectual debates with scholars from various philosophical traditions. These debates fostered a spirit of inquiry and dialogue, enriching the intellectual landscape of ancient India.

Spiritual Impact

Path to Liberation

Self-Realization: Shankara’s emphasis on self-inquiry (Atma Vichara) and the realization of the non-dual nature of the self has provided a clear and direct path to spiritual liberation (moksha). His teachings continue to inspire and guide countless seekers on their spiritual journeys.

Influence on Later Philosophers and Saints

Legacy: Shankara’s influence extends to numerous later philosophers, saints, and spiritual leaders, both within and outside the Advaita tradition. His ideas have been adapted and reinterpreted by various teachers to address the needs of different times and audiences.

Global Impact

Western Interest in Vedanta

Philosophical Studies: In the 19th and 20th centuries, Shankara’s works attracted the interest of Western scholars and philosophers, contributing to the global appreciation of Indian philosophy. His teachings on non-duality have influenced modern spiritual movements and thinkers worldwide.

Integration with Modern Science and Spirituality

Contemporary Relevance: Shankara’s philosophy of non-dualism has found resonance with modern scientific and psychological understandings of consciousness and reality, bridging traditional wisdom with contemporary thought.

Cultural and Artistic Impact

Literature and Arts

Inspirational Source: Shankara’s hymns and devotional compositions, such as Bhaja Govindam and Soundarya Lahari, have inspired countless literary and artistic creations, enriching the cultural heritage of India.

Festivals and Rituals

Cultural Practices: The practices and rituals associated with the mathas and temples established by Shankara continue to play a significant role in the cultural and religious life of communities, preserving traditional practices and fostering a sense of continuity.

Adi Shankara’s impact is profound and multifaceted, influencing philosophy, religion, ethics, culture, and spirituality. His teachings continue to inspire and guide individuals and communities, contributing to the rich tapestry of human thought and spiritual practice.

Adi Shankara is considered one of the most important figures in Hinduism due to his profound contributions to philosophy, theology, religious practice, and cultural heritage. Here are several key reasons for his significance:

1. Revival and Consolidation of Advaita Vedanta

• Philosophical Foundation: Adi Shankara revitalized and systematized the Advaita Vedanta philosophy, which emphasizes non-dualism—the belief that the individual soul (Atman) and the ultimate reality (Brahman) are the same.
• Scriptural Commentaries: His detailed commentaries on key Hindu scriptures like the Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, and Brahma Sutras provided a coherent and accessible interpretation of complex metaphysical ideas, making Advaita Vedanta one of the most influential schools of Indian thought.

2. Defense Against Heterodox Schools

• Intellectual Debates: During Shankara’s time, various non-Vedic schools of thought like Buddhism and Jainism were prominent. Shankara engaged in debates with scholars from these traditions, effectively defending and reasserting the primacy of Vedic philosophy.
• Reaffirmation of Vedic Tradition: His efforts helped to preserve the Vedic heritage and ensured its continued relevance in the face of competing philosophical systems.

3. Establishment of Monastic Orders

• Four Mathas: Shankara established four major monastic centers (mathas) in different parts of India (Sringeri, Dwaraka, Puri, and Badrinath). These institutions have become centers of learning, spiritual practice, and preservation of Advaita Vedanta.
• Continuity and Organization: The mathas provided an organized structure for the transmission of his teachings, ensuring their preservation and propagation over centuries.

4. Integration of Knowledge and Devotion

• Jnana and Bhakti: Shankara emphasized the importance of knowledge (jnana) for realizing the non-dual nature of reality, but he also recognized the value of devotion (bhakti) and ethical living as preparatory practices.
• Balanced Approach: This integration made his teachings more accessible and practical for a broader audience, appealing to both intellectuals and devotional practitioners.

5. Influence on Ethical and Moral Living

• Dharma: Shankara’s teachings underscore the importance of dharma (righteous living) as the foundation for spiritual progress. His emphasis on virtues like truthfulness, non-violence, and self-discipline has had a lasting impact on Hindu ethical practices.
• Purity of Mind: By promoting ethical living, Shankara’s philosophy helps individuals prepare their minds for the pursuit of higher knowledge and self-realization.

6. Enduring Spiritual Legacy

• Path to Liberation: Shankara’s teachings provide a clear and direct path to spiritual liberation (moksha) through self-inquiry and realization of the self’s true nature. This focus on experiential knowledge continues to inspire and guide spiritual seekers.
• Timeless Wisdom: His works have remained relevant across centuries, influencing not only Hindu thought but also modern spiritual movements and philosophical inquiries globally.

7. Cultural and Literary Contributions

• Devotional Hymns: Shankara composed numerous hymns and devotional texts, such as Bhaja Govindam and Soundarya Lahari, which continue to be widely recited and cherished in Hindu devotional practices.
• Inspirational Literature: His writings have inspired countless literary and artistic creations, enriching the cultural and spiritual heritage of India.

8. Global Influence

• Western Interest: In the modern era, Shankara’s teachings have attracted the interest of Western scholars and spiritual seekers, contributing to a global appreciation of Advaita Vedanta and Indian philosophy.
• Dialogue with Modern Science: His non-dualistic philosophy has found resonance with contemporary scientific and psychological understandings of consciousness, bridging traditional wisdom with modern thought.

Adi Shankara’s importance in Hinduism stems from his profound and multifaceted contributions to philosophy, theology, religious practice, and culture. His legacy continues to shape and inspire Hindu thought and spirituality, making him one of the most revered figures in the tradition.

Mythological events in the life of Adi Shankara

The life of Adi Shankara is rich with mythological events and miraculous stories that have been passed down through tradition. These stories, while often embellished with supernatural elements, serve to highlight his spiritual prowess and divine mission. Here are some notable mythological events associated with Adi Shankara:

1. Divine Birth

Adi Shankara is believed to be an incarnation of Lord Shiva. According to legend, his parents, Shivaguru and Aryamba, were childless for many years. They prayed to Lord Shiva, who appeared in their dreams and offered them a choice between a long-lived ordinary son or a short-lived extraordinary son. They chose the latter, and Shankara was born as an extraordinary child with divine qualities.

2. The Crocodile Incident

One famous story involves young Shankara and a crocodile. As a child, Shankara asked his mother for permission to become a monk (sannyasi), but she refused. One day, while bathing in the river, a crocodile caught his leg. Shankara called out to his mother, asking for her consent to renounce the world. Fearing for his life, she agreed. Miraculously, the crocodile released him unharmed, and Shankara took Sannyasa immediately.

3. Meeting with Govindapada

After renouncing the world, Shankara set out in search of a guru. He found his teacher, Govindapada, meditating in a cave. It is said that Shankara revealed his profound knowledge by composing extemporaneous verses on Advaita Vedanta, impressing Govindapada, who accepted him as a disciple.

4. Restoring the Narmada River

Another popular legend recounts Shankara’s miraculous act of saving the Narmada River. During a severe drought, he created a small pond (Bindu Sarovara) by placing his kamandalu (water pot) on the ground and invoking divine powers. The pond is said to have supplied water to the entire region, demonstrating his divine abilities.

5. The Encounter with Mandana Mishra

One of the most famous mythological events in Shankara’s life is his debate with the scholar Mandana Mishra. Mandana Mishra, a staunch follower of the Mimamsa school, was renowned for his debating skills. The debate was judged by Mandana Mishra’s wife, Ubhaya Bharati, who was considered an incarnation of Goddess Saraswati. Shankara eventually won the debate, and Mandana Mishra became his disciple, adopting the monastic name Sureshvara.

6. Defeating the Kapalikas

According to legend, Shankara encountered a sect of ascetics known as the Kapalikas, who practiced extreme rituals. The Kapalikas captured Shankara to offer him as a human sacrifice to their deity. Shankara prayed to Lord Narasimha, who appeared and saved him from the sacrificial rites, thus establishing the supremacy of Vedic practices over extreme rituals.

7. Meeting with Chandala

In a famous incident, Shankara encountered a Chandala (outcaste) while walking with his disciples. When Shankara asked the Chandala to move aside, the Chandala questioned Shankara’s understanding of non-duality, asking, “Whom do you want to move—the body or the Atman?” Realizing his hypocrisy, Shankara bowed to the Chandala, acknowledging the presence of Brahman in all beings. 

8. Entering the Body of a King

One mythological story describes how Shankara temporarily entered the body of a dead king to understand the experience of worldly life and fulfill a debate requirement posed by Ubhaya Bharati. During this period, his disciples guarded his original body. After completing the task, Shankara returned to his own body, demonstrating his mastery over life and death.

9. Establishing the Four Mathas

Tradition holds that Shankara traveled across India and established four major monastic centers (mathas) to propagate his teachings and ensure the preservation of Advaita Vedanta. 

10. Attaining Mahasamadhi

It is believed that Adi Shankara attained Mahasamadhi (conscious departure from the body) at the young age of 32. Various locations, including Kedarnath and Kanchipuram, are traditionally associated with this event, marking the end of his earthly life and his return to the divine.

These mythological stories, while often containing supernatural elements, emphasize Adi Shankara’s divine nature, his intellectual and spiritual mastery, and his pivotal role in the revival and propagation of Advaita Vedanta. They continue to inspire devotion and respect among followers and scholars of Hinduism.

1. Who was Adi Shankara?

Answer: Adi Shankara was a renowned Indian philosopher and theologian. 

2. What is Advaita Vedanta?

Answer: Advaita Vedanta teaches that the ultimate reality (Brahman) is without attributes and distinctions, and the individual soul (Atman) is not different from Brahman.

3. What were Adi Shankara’s major contributions?

Answer: Adi Shankara made significant contributions to Hinduism, including:

• Systematic commentaries on the Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, and Brahma Sutras.
• Establishment of four monastic centers (mathas) across India.
• Promotion of Advaita Vedanta as a philosophical and spiritual path.
• Composition of devotional hymns and philosophical treatises.

4. How did Adi Shankara influence Hinduism?

Answer: Adi Shankara’s influence on Hinduism is profound:

• He revived Vedic teachings and countered the influence of rival philosophies.
• His teachings integrated devotion (bhakti) with knowledge (jnana), making spiritual practice accessible to all.
• Shankara’s mathas continue to preserve and propagate his teachings, ensuring their continuity.

5. What were some key events in Adi Shankara’s life?

Answer: Some notable events in Adi Shankara’s life include:

• His divine birth and early mastery of scriptures.
• Renunciation at a young age and seeking of a guru.
• Debates with scholars like Mandana Mishra and establishment of mathas.
• Attainment of Mahasamadhi at a young age.

6. What is Adi Shankara’s legacy?

Answer: Adi Shankara left a lasting legacy:

• Advaita Vedanta remains a prominent school of Hindu philosophy.
• His works continue to inspire seekers globally.
• The mathas he established uphold his teachings and contribute to Hindu cultural and spiritual life.

These FAQs provide a brief overview of Adi Shankara’s life, teachings, and enduring influence on Hinduism and Indian philosophy.